A summary of study materials you need for ECHO board –

Klein – Clinical Echocardiography Review 2nd Edition, the 2nd Edition is available as an E-book on Vital Source, which you can review the 1100+ questions easier than using the hardcopy. It is not as user-friendly as a question bank but you can easily go over all questions. After a question there is a link to the answer and after the answer there is a link getting you to the question, but I feel the pictures and videos are very small on an iphone screen.

Mayo ECHO board video

Board vitals – their 500 questions are from a book Echocardiography Board Review: 500 Multiple Choice Questions with Discussion 2nd Edition. Similar to Uworld, it has the appearance and functionality of a qbank.

M mode review paper

Feigenbaum’s Echocardiography

I used this test kit a few times, here is my experience with it

Pro: you can stay at home for most of time – from ordering it online to getting the results from your email, the only time you need to get out of house is that you need to drop it off at a Fedex mailbox. It is more convenient if you don’t have access to a local covid test.

Con:

1. If you need a Covid test outcome in a few hours then obviously you won’t choose this product because from the moment you order it to the moment you get the results it takes about 5 days: 2 days from shipping to your home and you swab the same day you get the box and it takes another 2 days for it to be shipped back to their lab and the results usually come out in 24-48hrs. So if you have the test kit in hand, then it may take about 2-3 days to get result back which is similar to the turnaround time of local hospitals and clinics.
2. The report might not have the same authority as tests taken at local hospitals which has supervised swabbing. This one you can swab yourself at home with a cotton tip and you don’t usually go that far in your own nostrils and that decreases the sensitivity of the tests.
3. You have some very specific instructions to drop it off before the Fedex mailbox dropoff time on the day you swab yourself. This requires you to plan your day ahead accordingly.

When I was in medical school or even in my residency, my thought was like – oh, you can’t miss a STEMI, it is just too obvious to be missed. But the truth is that it is very possible to miss a STEMI and actually in real life, many STEMIs have been missed. The reasons why STEMIs are missed:

STEMI EKG changes can be transient. Once I thought after STEMI the EKG should go down the route of showing q waves etc, but sometimes STEMI EKG can go back to normal looking. So if somehow the STEMI EKG is not cited or not seen or misplaced (oh those paper EKGs flying everywhere…), the diagnosis is missed. I remember where I was trained, ER attending always have to sign the EKG with date/time and their name, a really good practice indeed to make sure every EKG is read by an attending. While on the floor, we don’t have this kind of practice or habit, so I did encounter a case that the EKG done during a rapid response was later found to have clear patterns of STEMI.

Secondly, as you all know there are STEMI equivalents and posterior MI. Sometimes V2-V3 elevation could mimic early repolarization pattern. Single avR elevation. With some residency program hosted by a hospital without a cardiac cath lab, most of these patients are screened and shipped to somewhere else, and residents are not exposed to as much high-risk EKGs as they should.

This is a big headache for hospitalists – when to call consults. I have seen crazy practices such as calling consults for every single issue the patient has, oh you have COPD and p/w SOB, let’s call pulmonary. But what is more common in the daily clinical practice is that the consults will tear you apart if they think you are calling unnecessary consults and if you somehow miss something and the consult will also come to tear you apart – why you didn’t call me earlier? Leave some safety margin and smell the smoke before it becomes a fire.

Now people think you should call consult only when it is necessary. Is it true? The judgment of when it is necessary solely depends on your understanding of the case and you are only a generalist and you may not even have the knowledge to tell when it is necessary. This fundamental paradox seemingly cannot be overcome and is the root cause of the conflicts between generalists and specialists – the best solution I have seen is to trigger a consult automatically when the case meets certain criteria and these criteria can be discussed beforehand with the specialists. Or you can curbside.

Curbside vs. Formal consult: do not trust a curbside consult fully – things can go wrong in many ways. The information you give to the consult might not be sufficient for him/her to make the best clinical judgment – the way you describe the case might not be right due to your own blindspot BECAUSE you are not as educated as the consult with the issue at hand.

Sometimes, the person you curbside might be only a fellow/PA/NP instead of the attending on the service, would you trust that clinical opinion? I would not. (I had a case with low baseline cortisol level and normal cosyntropin response and the endocrine fellow let the patient go).  Last but not least, if their name if not on the chart, they care less than when their name is on the chart. Some good ones may tell you hey this is s tricky case do you mind putting in a formal consult and I will see the patient later; but sometimes it just happens that everyone is busy.

Last caveat: if you feel like once you call a consult and they come to see your patient, your job is done, then you are totally wrong. Consults miss things all the time. There was one time I had a patient with bacteremia and asked ID consult where is the source (twice!) – he documented in the note that the patient had some IV a few weeks ago and likely has phlebitis. On the day of discharge, patient said he had neck pain and steroid injection to his neck a few days before he was admitted! Of course, I rushed him to the MRI for a scan.

– heart murmur is only heard when patient has ECHO done

– STEMI is only diagnosed when troponin is going up – a young male presented with typical unstable angina symptoms and ED noticed Inferior leads 1mm ST elevation and reciprocal ST changes on precordial leads but cardiac cath lab refused to take him stating those were early repolarization. Later troponin keeps going up from 0 to 0.05 to 0.13, then rushed to cardiac cath…

– how to dose warfarin if liver failure and INR already 2?

Thanks for joining me!

Good company in a journey makes the way seem shorter. — Izaak Walton